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Click Sign in through your institution.Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.Ĭhoose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. The question was whether consciousness was a scientific fact on which theories could be built, or whether it was an epiphenomenon in need of explanation in other terms. Consciousness became the wedge issue on which naturalistic and theistic scientists began to profoundly split. His famous “demon,” best known as a thought experiment in thermodynamics, also functioned as an argument for how human souls could have meaningful effects in a world of uniform laws. Maxwell protested that the reality of free will was the most basic fact of our experience, both in our day to day life and in our participation in a society of morally-responsible individuals.
They denied that consciousness and volition had independent existence and concluded that the universe was fundamentally deterministic. Huxley and his colleagues argued that we were automata blindly obeying the laws of physics, chemistry, and biology. Naturalistic approaches to explaining the living world led to intense controversies over whether free will and consciousness could be explained away as illusions in a mechanistic brain.
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